From 1999 to 2009, the rate of death due to CVD has declined, but nevertheless the burden of disease remains high. In 2009 cardiovascular disease (CVD) still accounted for 32.3% of all deaths in the United States and therefore continues to be one of the main causes of death ( 1). Myocardial infarction regenerative medicine stem cells tissue engineering reprogramming This review summarizes current evidence of stem cell based regenerative therapies and discusses future strategies to improve functional outcomes. Transplantation of novel stem or progenitor cell populations with “true” regenerative potential, direct reprogramming of scar tissue into functional myocardium, tissue engineering or stimulation of endogenous cardiac repair by pharmacological agents are conceivable. In the future, new concepts for myocardial regeneration, especially concerning recovery of cardiomyocyte loss, have to be developed. Although outcomes in terms of safety and feasibility are generally encouraging, functional improvements were mostly disappointingly low and have failed to reach expectations. Besides bone marrow derived stem cells (BMCs), adult stem cells from adipose or cardiac tissue have been used in current clinical studies with inconsistent results. One decade ago first clinical trials addressed stem cell based therapies as a potential alternative therapeutic strategy for myocardial regeneration and repair. A high burden of disease and the high costs for the healthcare systems claim for novel therapeutic strategies besides current conventional medical care.
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